Coffee Drinking Habits and Working Lifestyle

INFO 526 - Summer 2024 - Final Project

A data-driven analysis on how much coffee are people drinking, and what lifestyle conditions correlate.

Author

Affiliation

Vera Jackson

School of Information, University of Arizona

Abstract

Coffee consumption in the U.S. varies significantly, influenced by lifestyle factors. Analysis of “The Great American Coffee Taste Test” data set reveals interesting insights on trends regarding coffee drinking habits among those that drink coffee. It was observed that the average daily coffee intake is 1 or 2 cups of coffee. Older individuals,those with more children, and retired or full-time employees are more likely to 4 or more cups of coffee, while younger individuals, those with no children, or work part-time at the most are more likely to drink less than 1 cup of coffee per day. These findings highlight correlations between lifestyle and working conditions and coffee drinking habits, however more research should be dedicated to explore any causal relationships, especially between multiple explanatory variables.

Introduction

Coffee is one of the most popular drinks in the world, and in the USA alone, 75% of the population has reported drinking coffee, with almost half of Americans drinking coffee daily (Loftfield, et al. 2016). There are many reasons why people drink coffee - for some it is a habit or part of their morning routine, some need the caffeine, and some just like the way it tastes. Studies have shown that demographic factors, such as gender and race, influence how much coffee someone drinks (Loftfield, et al. 2016). However, one’s lifestyle and environment may also have a part to play in this.

The “Great American Coffee Taste Test” data set come’s from TidyTuesday’s 2024 series is compiled of survey results that were filled out by participants of a taste test, hosted by “world champion barista” James Hoffman and coffee company Cometeer. Cometeer sent 4 unlabelled coffees to over 4,000 customers that would participate in a live taste testing on YouTube while filling out the survey. The survey includes questions about coffee drinking habits, coffee preferences, individual taste test results for each of the 4 provides coffees, and individual demographics.

Question: What are the correlations between coffee consumption and lifestyle?

Introduction

The data has a wide range of questions, with 4,042 responses. Rather than looking at demographics such as gender and race, I was curious about how someone’s lifestyle, primarily focused on one’s working habits, impacts how much coffee they drink. For the purpose of this question, we will only be looking at the following variables, with the following options to answer in the survey:

cups: “How many cups of coffee do you typically drink per day?”
- “Less than 1”, “1”, “2”, “3”, “4”, “More than 4”
employment_status: “Employment Status”
- “Retired”, “Employed full-time”, “Employed part-time”, “Homemaker”, “Student”, “Unemployed”
number_children: “Number of Children”
- “None”, “1”, “2”, “3”, “More than 3”
wfh: “Do you work from home or in person?”
- "I primarily work in person", "I primarily work from home", "I do a mix of both"
age: “What is your age?”
- "<18 years old", "18-24 years old", "25-34 years old", "35-44 years old", "45-54 years old", "55-64 years old", ">65 years old"”

Removing any responses that did not respond to each of these questions, we are working with 3, 343 responses.

I chose to analyze this question for this data set because I was curious about what may influence coffee drinkers in their consumption habits. In particular, their working conditions. Whether someone is retired or a student, or working from home or at the office, may form someone’s environment and influence their habits. In addition to working and work-from-home status, I also included how many children they have - especially for homemakers, but raising children also is considered a form of labor. Finally, I included age, as this could be another explanatory variable for how much coffee someone drinks.

Overall, my goal for this question is to highlight a trend between coffee drinking and lifestyle that could be reflective of the general American coffee-drinking population.

Approach

With the cups variable, a pie chart is made to demonstrate the distribution of responses for the entire, cleaned data set. The pie chart is color-coded based on the response to how many cups of coffee one drinks per day, with the percentages of those responses that make up the data set.

Once an overall average is observed, a point plot with error bars ranging from the 10th to 90th percentile was constructed, faceted by the responses to the explanatory variables (employment_status, number_children, wfh, age). To obtain the mean and percentiles to be plotted, some calculations had to be conducted.

The point plot was to best to display the similarity and differences between averages for each group. The percentiles also suggested that certain groups may be more likely to lean either way outside of the average, so to further analyze these, one final plot was constructed.

A diverging bar chart, grouped by explanatory variable and filled for the six possible answers to the “cups” variable, was then constructed. Only the answers that were outside of the average were plotted so we could focus on which group is most likely to drink less or more than the average.

Analysis

Discussion

Across the board, the average numbers of cups of coffee coffee-drinkers typically drink per day is one to three cups, with most groups averaging around 2 cups, as shown in Plot 1 and Plot 2. However, a trend is revealed, especially correlating with number of children and age. The average increases from 1 to 3 cups with increasing age and increasing number of children. The average is also higher for those that are retired or work full-time, compared to those that work part-time, or are students, homemakers, or unemployed. There was no notable difference between those who work from home or in person.

This trend is also revealed if only the percentages for the options outside of the average are looked at, as shown in Plot 3. There is a higher percentage of those younger than 18 years old and among those that do not have children that drink less than 1 cup of coffee a day. For those who drink 4 or more cups of coffee, it is more likely that they are older than 65 years old or have 3 or more children. Similarly, more retired individuals reported drinking 4 or more cups of coffee a day than any other employment type, and those that are unemployed had the highest percentage of individuals drinking less than 1 cup a day.

These trends are not necessarily surprising - those working more with a full-time job or with more children may require more caffeine compared to those with no children and only working part-time. Similarly, older individuals may want more coffee, or have developed an affinity and enjoy multiple cups of coffee more for the taste than caffeine.

While these trends may be telling of some correlation, none of the explanatory variables are necessarily causal to how many cups of coffee someone drinks per day. Future work should further breakdown these groups, and especially consider the weight of age or correlation between multiple variables. It is important to keep in mind, that the survey respondents are customers of Cometeer, and are not necessarily representative of the entire US or coffee-drinking population.

--- title: "Coffee Drinking Habits and Working Lifestyle" subtitle: "INFO 526 - Summer 2024 - Final Project" author: - name: "Vera Jackson" affiliations: - name: "School of Information, University of Arizona" description: "A data-driven analysis on how much coffee are people drinking, and what lifestyle conditions correlate." format: html: code-tools: true code-overflow: wrap embed-resources: true editor: visual execute: warning: false echo: false bibliography: references.bib --- ```{r} #| label: load-packages #| include: false # Load packages here pacman::p_load(dplyr, tidyverse, glue, scales, here, ggthemes, janitor, ggplot2, readr, ggrepel) ``` ```{r} #| label: setup #| include: false # Plot theme ggplot2::theme_set(ggplot2::theme_minimal(base_size = 11)) # For better figure resolution knitr::opts_chunk$set( fig.retina = 3, dpi = 300, fig.width = 6, fig.asp = 0.618 ) ``` ```{r} #| label: load data and cleanup #| include: false # load data here coffee_survey <- readr::read_csv('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday/master/data/2024/2024-05-14/coffee_survey.csv') # glimpse at data (4,042 rows) coffee_survey # clean and select data coffee_survey_cleanNA <- coffee_survey %>% select(cups, employment_status, number_children, wfh, age) %>% filter(!is.na(cups)) %>% filter(!is.na(employment_status)) %>% filter(!is.na(wfh)) %>% filter(!is.na(number_children)) %>% filter(!is.na(age)) coffee_survey_cleanNA ``` ```{r, echo=FALSE} #| label: code for plot 1 #| include: false ############## # cleaning for general and plot 1 # selecting relevant variables for both plots (3,343 rows) coffee_survey_count_cups <- coffee_survey_cleanNA %>% count(cups) %>% # counting total count for each employment_status rename(total_cups = n) manual_order <- c("Less than 1", "1", "2", "3", "4", "More than 4") # Reorder the dataset according to the manual order coffee_survey_count_cups <- coffee_survey_count_cups[match(manual_order, coffee_survey_count_cups$cups), ] coffee_survey_count_cups #calculating percentages coffee_survey_count_cups <- coffee_survey_count_cups %>% mutate(percent = total_cups/sum(total_cups)) coffee_survey_count_cups <- coffee_survey_count_cups %>% mutate(percent = percent(coffee_survey_count_cups$percent, accuracy = 0.1)) coffee_survey_count_cups #mutate to manually position labels on pie chart coffee_survey_count_plot1 <- coffee_survey_count_cups %>% mutate(csum = rev(cumsum(rev(total_cups))), pos = total_cups/2 + lead(csum, 1), pos = if_else(is.na(pos), total_cups/2, pos)) ``` ```{r, echo=FALSE} #| label: code for plot 2 #| include: false coffee_survey_filter1 <- coffee_survey %>% select(submission_id, cups, employment_status, number_children, wfh, age) %>% filter(!is.na(cups)) %>% mutate( cups = recode(cups, "Less than 1" = "0", "1" = "1", "2" = "2", "3" = "3", "4" = "4", "More than 4" = "5")) coffee_survey_filter1_longer <- coffee_survey_filter1 %>% pivot_longer( cols = c("employment_status", "number_children", "age", "wfh"), names_to = "explanatory", values_to = "explanatory_value" ) %>% filter(!is.na(explanatory_value)) %>% pivot_longer( cols = c("cups"), names_to = "response", values_to = "response_value" ) # now i will group the data and calculate summary statistics coffee_survey_filter1_longer$response_value <- as.numeric(coffee_survey_filter1_longer$response_value) coffee_survey_stats_all <- coffee_survey_filter1_longer %>% group_by(response) %>% summarise( mean = mean(response_value), low = quantile(response_value, 0.10), high = quantile(response_value, 0.90) ) %>% mutate(across(c("mean"), round, 2)) #mean output was returning values with 4 decimal places coffee_survey_stats_all$explanatory <- c("All") coffee_survey_stats_all$explanatory_value <- c("") #now by group coffee_survey_stats_by_group <- coffee_survey_filter1_longer %>% filter(!is.na(response_value)) %>% group_by(explanatory, explanatory_value, response) %>% summarise( mean = mean(response_value), low = quantile(response_value, 0.10), high = quantile(response_value, 0.90) ) %>% mutate(across(c("mean"), round, 2)) #mean output was returning values with 4 decimal places #now to bind together both groups coffee_survey_stats <- bind_rows( coffee_survey_stats_all, coffee_survey_stats_by_group) #new label for explanatory variable facet exp.labs <- c( "All", "Age", "Number of \nChildren", "Employment \nStatus", "In-Person or \nVirtual Work") names(exp.labs) <- c( "All", "age", "number_children", "employment_status", "wfh") coffee_survey_stats$explanatory = factor(coffee_survey_stats$explanatory, levels = c("All", "age", "number_children", "employment_status", "wfh"), ordered = TRUE) #manually order explanatory for facet ``` ```{r, echo = FALSE} #| label: code for plot 3 #| include: false survey_1 <- coffee_survey_filter1_longer %>% #editing response values so number equals actual response mutate(response_value = case_when( response_value == "0" ~ "Less than 1", response_value == "1" ~ "1", response_value == "2" ~ "2", response_value == "3" ~ "3", response_value == "4" ~ "4", response_value == "5" ~ "More than 4") ) coffee_survey_percentage <- survey_1 %>% #calculate sums and percentages for diverging plot filter(!is.na(response_value)) %>% group_by(explanatory, explanatory_value, response, response_value) %>% summarise(count = n(), .groups = "drop") %>% group_by(explanatory_value) %>% mutate(percent_answers = (count / sum(count))) %>% ungroup() %>% mutate(percent_answers_label = percent(percent_answers, accuracy = 1)) %>% mutate(percent_answers = if_else(response_value %in% c("4"), percent_answers/2, percent_answers)) #method to make diverging bar plot with neutral in the middle coffee_survey_percentage <- coffee_survey_percentage %>% mutate(explanatory_value = fct_relevel(explanatory_value, "<18 years old", "18-24 years old", "25-34 years old", "35-44 years old", "45-54 years old", "55-64 years old", ">65 years old", "None", "1", "2", "3", "More than 3", "Unemployed", "Student", "Homemaker", "Employed part-time", "Employed full-time", "Retired", "I primarily work in person", "I primarily work from home", "I do a mix of both")) %>% mutate(explanatory = fct_relevel(explanatory, "age", "number_children", "employment_status", "wfh")) coffee_survey_percentage$response_value <- factor(coffee_survey_percentage$response_value, levels = c("Less than 1", "1", "2", "3", "4", "More than 4"), ordered = TRUE) #manually order response value for facet ``` ## Abstract Coffee consumption in the U.S. varies significantly, influenced by lifestyle factors. Analysis of "The Great American Coffee Taste Test" data set reveals interesting insights on trends regarding coffee drinking habits among those that drink coffee. It was observed that the average daily coffee intake is 1 or 2 cups of coffee. Older individuals,those with more children, and retired or full-time employees are more likely to 4 or more cups of coffee, while younger individuals, those with no children, or work part-time at the most are more likely to drink less than 1 cup of coffee per day. These findings highlight correlations between lifestyle and working conditions and coffee drinking habits, however more research should be dedicated to explore any causal relationships, especially between multiple explanatory variables. ## Introduction Coffee is one of the most popular drinks in the world, and in the USA alone, 75% of the population has reported drinking coffee, with almost half of Americans drinking coffee daily (Loftfield, et al. 2016). There are many reasons why people drink coffee - for some it is a habit or part of their morning routine, some need the caffeine, and some just like the way it tastes. Studies have shown that demographic factors, such as gender and race, influence how much coffee someone drinks (Loftfield, et al. 2016). However, one's lifestyle and environment may also have a part to play in this. The "[Great American Coffee Taste Test](https://github.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday/blob/master/data/2024/2024-05-14/readme.md)" data set come's from [`TidyTuesday`'s 2024 series](https://github.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday/tree/master/data/2024#readme) is compiled of survey results that were filled out by participants of a taste test, hosted by "world champion barista" James Hoffman and coffee company [Cometeer](https://cometeer.com/pages/the-great-american-coffee-taste-test). Cometeer sent 4 unlabelled coffees to over 4,000 customers that would participate in a live taste testing on YouTube while filling out the survey. The survey includes questions about coffee drinking habits, coffee preferences, individual taste test results for each of the 4 provides coffees, and individual demographics. ## Question: What are the correlations between coffee consumption and lifestyle? ### Introduction The data has a wide range of questions, with 4,042 responses. Rather than looking at demographics such as gender and race, I was curious about how someone's lifestyle, primarily focused on one's working habits, impacts how much coffee they drink. For the purpose of this question, we will only be looking at the following variables, with the following options to answer in the survey: - `cups`: "How many cups of coffee do you typically drink per day?" - "`Less than 1`", "`1`", "`2`", "`3`", "`4`", "`More than 4`" - `employment_status`: "Employment Status" - "`Retired`", "`Employed full-time`", "`Employed part-time`", "`Homemaker`", "`Student`", "`Unemployed`" - `number_children`: "Number of Children" - "`None`", "`1`", "`2`", "`3`", "`More than 3`" - `wfh`: "Do you work from home or in person?" - `"I primarily work in person"`, `"I primarily work from home"`, `"I do a mix of both"` - `age`: "What is your age?" - `"<18 years old"`, `"18-24 years old"`, `"25-34 years old"`, `"35-44 years old"`, `"45-54 years old"`, `"55-64 years old"`, `">65 years old"`" Removing any responses that did not respond to each of these questions, we are working with 3, 343 responses. I chose to analyze this question for this data set because I was curious about what may influence coffee drinkers in their consumption habits. In particular, their working conditions. Whether someone is retired or a student, or working from home or at the office, may form someone's environment and influence their habits. In addition to working and work-from-home status, I also included how many children they have - especially for homemakers, but raising children also is considered a form of labor. Finally, I included age, as this could be another explanatory variable for how much coffee someone drinks. Overall, my goal for this question is to highlight a trend between coffee drinking and lifestyle that could be reflective of the general American coffee-drinking population. ### Approach With the `cups` variable, a pie chart is made to demonstrate the distribution of responses for the entire, cleaned data set. The pie chart is color-coded based on the response to how many cups of coffee one drinks per day, with the percentages of those responses that make up the data set. Once an overall average is observed, a point plot with error bars ranging from the 10th to 90th percentile was constructed, faceted by the responses to the explanatory variables (`employment_status`, `number_children`, `wfh`, `age`). To obtain the mean and percentiles to be plotted, some calculations had to be conducted. The point plot was to best to display the similarity and differences between averages for each group. The percentiles also suggested that certain groups may be more likely to lean either way outside of the average, so to further analyze these, one final plot was constructed. A diverging bar chart, grouped by explanatory variable and filled for the six possible answers to the "`cups`" variable, was then constructed. Only the answers that were outside of the average were plotted so we could focus on which group is most likely to drink less or more than the average. ### Analysis ```{r, warning=FALSE, fig.width=5.5, fig.align="center"} #| label: plot 1 #| code-fold: true #| code-summary: "Show the code" coffee_survey_count_plot1 %>% mutate(cups = fct_relevel(cups, "Less than 1", "1", "2", "3", "4", "More than 4")) %>% ggplot(aes(x = "", y = total_cups, fill = cups)) + geom_bar(stat = "identity", width = 1, color = "black") + coord_polar(theta = "y") + scale_x_discrete(NULL, expand = c(0, 0)) + scale_y_continuous(NULL, expand = c(0, 0)) + scale_fill_manual(values = c("#87A5A5FF", "#BCAAA4FF", "#A1887FFF", "#D2A54BFF", "#D2D2C3FF", "#A5A587FF" ), name = "Number of Cups") + geom_label_repel( mapping = aes(y = pos, label = paste(percent)), size = 3, nudge_x = 0.9, show.legend = FALSE) + labs( title = "Plot 1. Distrubution of Daily Cups of Coffee \nAmong Responses \n ", caption = "Source: 'The Great American Coffee Taste Test' \n Retreived from TidyTuesday 2024" ) + theme_void() + theme( axis.text = element_blank(), plot.title = element_text(size = 12, face = "bold", hjust = 0.5), plot.title.position = "plot", legend.text = element_text(size = 8), #text of legend legend.key.size = unit(0.5, "cm") ) ``` ```{r, warning=FALSE, fig.width=5.5, fig.align="center"} #| label: plot 2 #| code-fold: true #| code-summary: "Show the code" coffee_survey_stats %>% mutate(explanatory_value = fct_relevel(explanatory_value, "", "<18 years old", "18-24 years old", "25-34 years old", "35-44 years old", "45-54 years old", "55-64 years old", ">65 years old", "None", "1", "2", "3", "More than 3", "Unemployed", "Student", "Homemaker", "Employed part-time", "Employed full-time", "Retired", "I primarily work in person", "I primarily work from home", "I do a mix of both")) %>% ggplot(aes(x = mean, y = explanatory_value)) + geom_point() + geom_errorbar(aes(xmin = low, xmax = high), width = 0.2) + facet_grid(explanatory ~ ., scales = "free", space = "free", labeller = labeller(explanatory = exp.labs)) + scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0, 5), breaks = c(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), labels = label_wrap(10)(c("Less than 1", "1", "2", "3", "4", "More than 4"))) + labs( x = "Number of Cups \n(Error bars range from 10th to 90th percentile)", y = NULL, title = "Plot 2. Distrubution of Daily Cups of Coffee \nAmong Explanatory Variables", caption = "Source: 'The Great American Coffee Taste Test' \n Retreived from TidyTuesday 2024" ) + theme_minimal() + theme( panel.grid = element_blank(), #remove lines in plot plot.title = element_text(size = 12, face = "bold", hjust = 0.5), panel.spacing = unit(0.1, "cm"), #spacing between facets strip.text = element_text(colour = "black"), strip.background = element_rect( #creating blocks for facet labels to match original fill = "grey90", color = "grey20", linewidth = 1), strip.text.y = element_text(angle = 0)) #turn explanatory facets from vertical to horizontal) ``` ```{r, warning=FALSE, fig.width=5.5, fig.align="center"} #| label: plot 3 #| code-fold: true #| code-summary: "Show the code" coffee_survey_percentage %>% ggplot(aes(x = explanatory_value, y = percent_answers, fill = response_value)) + geom_col(data = filter(coffee_survey_percentage, response_value %in% c("Less than 1")), aes(y = -percent_answers)) + geom_col(data = filter(coffee_survey_percentage, response_value %in% c("4", "More than 4")), aes(y = percent_answers)) + scale_fill_manual(breaks = c("Less than 1", "4", "More than 4"), values = c("#87A5A5FF", "#D2D2C3FF", "#A5A587FF")) + facet_grid(explanatory ~ ., scales = "free", space = "free", labeller = labeller(explanatory = exp.labs)) + labs( title = "Plot 3. Responses Outside of Average", x = NULL, y = "Percent of Responses", fill = "Number of Cups", caption = "Source: 'The Great American Coffee Taste Test' \n Retreived from TidyTuesday 2024" ) + coord_flip() + scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent) + theme_minimal() + theme(title = element_text(face = "bold"), panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(), legend.text.position = "top", legend.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5, face = "bold"), legend.background = element_rect( fill = "grey90", colour = "grey20", linewidth = 0.5), axis.title = element_text(face = "bold"), strip.text = element_text(size = 7), strip.background = element_rect( #creating blocks for facet labels to match original fill = "grey90", color = "grey20", linewidth = 1), strip.text.y = element_text(angle = 0)) #turn explanatory facets from vertical to horizontal)) ``` ### Discussion Across the board, the average numbers of cups of coffee coffee-drinkers typically drink per day is one to three cups, with most groups averaging around 2 cups, as shown in Plot 1 and Plot 2. However, a trend is revealed, especially correlating with number of children and age. The average increases from 1 to 3 cups with increasing age and increasing number of children. The average is also higher for those that are retired or work full-time, compared to those that work part-time, or are students, homemakers, or unemployed. There was no notable difference between those who work from home or in person. This trend is also revealed if only the percentages for the options outside of the average are looked at, as shown in Plot 3. There is a higher percentage of those younger than 18 years old and among those that do not have children that drink less than 1 cup of coffee a day. For those who drink 4 or more cups of coffee, it is more likely that they are older than 65 years old or have 3 or more children. Similarly, more retired individuals reported drinking 4 or more cups of coffee a day than any other employment type, and those that are unemployed had the highest percentage of individuals drinking less than 1 cup a day. These trends are not necessarily surprising - those working more with a full-time job or with more children may require more caffeine compared to those with no children and only working part-time. Similarly, older individuals may want more coffee, or have developed an affinity and enjoy multiple cups of coffee more for the taste than caffeine. While these trends may be telling of some correlation, none of the explanatory variables are necessarily causal to how many cups of coffee someone drinks per day. Future work should further breakdown these groups, and especially consider the weight of age or correlation between multiple variables. It is important to keep in mind, that the survey respondents are customers of Cometeer, and are not necessarily representative of the entire US or coffee-drinking population.